Train construction crews and supervisors to recognize struck-by and caught-in or -between hazards and apply controls before anyone gets hurt.
This critical construction safety training teaches workers and supervisors to recognize, prevent, and protect against two of OSHA's "Focus Four" hazards that cause the most construction fatalities: struck-by hazards and caught-in or caught-between hazards. These hazards account for a significant percentage of construction deaths each year, yet most incidents are preventable through proper awareness and safety practices. The program covers the four main types of struck-by hazards: flying objects (tools, materials, or debris), falling objects (from scaffolding, cranes, or building structures), swinging objects (crane loads, equipment booms), and rolling or sliding objects (vehicles, equipment, materials). Participants will also learn about caught-in or caught-between hazards including being caught in running equipment or machinery, being compressed or crushed between rolling or sliding materials and stationary objects, and being caught in collapsing trenches, structures, or equipment. Topics include proper use of personal protective equipment (hard hats, safety glasses, steel-toed boots), establishing and maintaining work zone barriers and restricted areas, safe material storage and securing procedures, proper rigging and signaling for crane operations, vehicle and equipment spotters and backup alarms, trench safety and protective systems, machine guarding requirements, the role of the competent person in hazard identification and correction, and implementing effective site-specific safety plans. This training emphasizes that these hazards can be eliminated or controlled through proper planning, engineering controls, administrative procedures, and vigilant awareness of surroundings.
Struck-by and caught-in/between hazard training is essential for construction workers, equipment operators, excavation crews and site supervisors. Anyone working near moving vehicles, cranes, trenches, unguarded machinery or demolition activity faces these risks. Safety managers and competent persons who inspect sites and correct hazards also benefit.
No single OSHA standard covers struck-by and caught-in hazards; they fall under several parts of 29 CFR 1926 for construction. Examples include Subpart P for excavations, Subpart O for motor vehicles and mechanized equipment, and Subpart CC for cranes. Machine guarding and lockout/tagout rules address similar hazards in general industry.
OSHA's Focus Four hazards are falls, struck-by, caught-in or -between, and electrocution. Together they cause the majority of construction worker deaths, which is why OSHA stresses them in inspections and outreach training. Knowing all four helps crews prioritize the controls that prevent the most serious injuries on a job site.
The difference is how the injury happens. A struck-by injury comes from forceful contact with a moving object, such as a falling tool, swinging load or backing vehicle. A caught-in or -between injury happens when a person is squeezed, crushed or pinched, for example in a trench collapse or unguarded machine.
A competent person on a construction site can identify existing and predictable hazards and has authority to correct them promptly. OSHA requires a competent person for specific work, such as excavations and scaffolds. They inspect the site, stop unsafe work and confirm protective systems are in place before crews are exposed.
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